The world of fine wines is filled with an array of exquisite choices, but there’s something undeniably special about popping the cork on a luxurious bottle of champagne. Whether you’re celebrating a milestone birthday, toasting to a wedding, or simply indulging in a night of opulence, a perfectly chilled glass of bubbly is sure to elevate the occasion. With so many exceptional varieties available, it can be daunting to discern which ones truly stand out from the rest. For those seeking to indulge in the crème de la crème of wine, the pursuit of the best sparkling champagnes is a journey worth embarking on.
As you delve into the realm of premium champagne, you’ll discover a rich tapestry of flavors, aromas, and production methods that set these wines apart from their more mundane counterparts. From the delicate nuances of a vintage blanc de blancs to the bold, fruit-forward notes of a prestige cuvée, each champagne boasts its own unique character and charm. With such a vast array of options to choose from, navigating the market can be a daunting task, especially for those new to the world of fine wine. In this article, we’ll guide you through the process of selecting the perfect bottle, exploring the key factors to consider when making your choice, and highlighting some of the most exceptional champagnes available, to ensure that your next special occasion is nothing short of unforgettable.
We’ll cover the best sparkling champagnes later in this article. Meanwhile, check out these related products on Amazon:
Last update on 2026-01-12 at 09:55 / #ad / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API
Introduction to Sparkling Wines
Sparkling wines have been a staple of celebrations and special occasions for centuries. With their distinctive bubbles and rich flavors, they add a touch of elegance and sophistication to any event. From weddings and anniversaries to holidays and New Year’s Eve parties, sparkling wines are the perfect way to mark a momentous occasion.
The production of sparkling wines involves a unique process that sets them apart from still wines. This process, known as the traditional method, involves a second fermentation that takes place in the bottle, resulting in the characteristic bubbles that give sparkling wines their distinctive appearance and flavor. The traditional method is time-consuming and labor-intensive, but it produces wines of exceptional quality and complexity.
Sparkling wines are made from a variety of grape varieties, including Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and Pinot Meunier. The specific blend of grapes used can vary depending on the region and the style of wine being produced. Some sparkling wines are made from a single grape variety, while others are blended from multiple varieties. The result is a wide range of flavors and styles, from crisp and citrusy to rich and fruity.
When it comes to selecting the best sparkling champagnes, there are many factors to consider. From the quality of the grapes and the skill of the winemaker to the aging process and the final presentation, every detail counts. Whether you’re a seasoned connoisseur or just looking to try something new, the world of sparkling wines has something to offer. With their unique flavors, elegant presentation, and celebratory spirit, it’s no wonder that sparkling wines remain a popular choice for special occasions and everyday enjoyment.
Best Sparkling Champagnes – Reviews
1. Veuve Clicquot La Grande Dame
Veuve Clicquot La Grande Dame is a prestige cuvée champagne that embodies the perfect blend of elegance and sophistication. This exquisite champagne is made from a blend of Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, and Pinot Meunier grapes, carefully selected from the finest vineyards in the Champagne region. The result is a rich, full-bodied champagne with a complex flavor profile that includes notes of toasted brioche, citrus, and stone fruits.
The Veuve Clicquot La Grande Dame is a champagne that is perfect for special occasions, such as weddings and anniversaries. Its complex flavor profile and fine bubbles make it a delight to drink, and its elegant packaging makes it a beautiful addition to any table setting. Whether you’re a seasoned champagne connoisseur or just looking to try something new, the Veuve Clicquot La Grande Dame is sure to impress. With its perfect balance of acidity and sweetness, this champagne is a true masterpiece that will leave you wanting more.
2. Dom Pérignon
Dom Pérignon is a luxurious champagne that is renowned for its exceptional quality and prestige. This iconic champagne is made from a blend of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir grapes, carefully selected from the finest vineyards in the Champagne region. The result is a rich, complex champagne with a flavor profile that includes notes of citrus, stone fruits, and toasted brioche. The Dom Pérignon is a champagne that is perfect for special occasions, such as weddings and anniversaries, and its elegant packaging makes it a beautiful addition to any table setting.
The Dom Pérignon is a champagne that is sure to impress, with its perfect balance of acidity and sweetness. The fine bubbles and complex flavor profile make it a delight to drink, and its luxurious packaging makes it a beautiful gift for any occasion. Whether you’re a seasoned champagne connoisseur or just looking to try something new, the Dom Pérignon is a true masterpiece that will leave you wanting more. With its exceptional quality and prestige, the Dom Pérignon is a champagne that is sure to be remembered for years to come.
3. Krug Grande Cuvée
Krug Grande Cuvée is a prestige cuvée champagne that is renowned for its exceptional quality and complexity. This exquisite champagne is made from a blend of over 120 wines from different vintages, carefully selected from the finest vineyards in the Champagne region. The result is a rich, full-bodied champagne with a complex flavor profile that includes notes of toasted brioche, citrus, and stone fruits. The Krug Grande Cuvée is a champagne that is perfect for special occasions, such as weddings and anniversaries, and its elegant packaging makes it a beautiful addition to any table setting.
The Krug Grande Cuvée is a champagne that is sure to impress, with its perfect balance of acidity and sweetness. The fine bubbles and complex flavor profile make it a delight to drink, and its luxurious packaging makes it a beautiful gift for any occasion. Whether you’re a seasoned champagne connoisseur or just looking to try something new, the Krug Grande Cuvée is a true masterpiece that will leave you wanting more. With its exceptional quality and prestige, the Krug Grande Cuvée is a champagne that is sure to be remembered for years to come.
4. Louis Roederer Cristal
Louis Roederer Cristal is a luxurious champagne that is renowned for its exceptional quality and prestige. This iconic champagne is made from a blend of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir grapes, carefully selected from the finest vineyards in the Champagne region. The result is a rich, complex champagne with a flavor profile that includes notes of citrus, stone fruits, and toasted brioche. The Louis Roederer Cristal is a champagne that is perfect for special occasions, such as weddings and anniversaries, and its elegant packaging makes it a beautiful addition to any table setting.
The Louis Roederer Cristal is a champagne that is sure to impress, with its perfect balance of acidity and sweetness. The fine bubbles and complex flavor profile make it a delight to drink, and its luxurious packaging makes it a beautiful gift for any occasion. Whether you’re a seasoned champagne connoisseur or just looking to try something new, the Louis Roederer Cristal is a true masterpiece that will leave you wanting more. With its exceptional quality and prestige, the Louis Roederer Cristal is a champagne that is sure to be remembered for years to come.
5. Armand de Brignac Midas
Armand de Brignac Midas is a luxurious champagne that is renowned for its exceptional quality and prestige. This iconic champagne is made from a blend of Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and Pinot Meunier grapes, carefully selected from the finest vineyards in the Champagne region. The result is a rich, complex champagne with a flavor profile that includes notes of citrus, stone fruits, and toasted brioche. The Armand de Brignac Midas is a champagne that is perfect for special occasions, such as weddings and anniversaries, and its elegant packaging makes it a beautiful addition to any table setting.
The Armand de Brignac Midas is a champagne that is sure to impress, with its perfect balance of acidity and sweetness. The fine bubbles and complex flavor profile make it a delight to drink, and its luxurious packaging makes it a beautiful gift for any occasion. Whether you’re a seasoned champagne connoisseur or just looking to try something new, the Armand de Brignac Midas is a true masterpiece that will leave you wanting more. With its exceptional quality and prestige, the Armand de Brignac Midas is a champagne that is sure to be remembered for years to come.
Why Do People Need to Buy Sparkling Champagnes
People buy sparkling champagnes for various occasions, including weddings, anniversaries, and New Year’s Eve celebrations. The tradition of drinking champagne on special occasions dates back to the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe, where it was considered a luxury item. Over time, the practice has been adopted globally, and champagne has become synonymous with celebrations and special events. The act of popping open a bottle of champagne is often seen as a way to add a touch of elegance and sophistication to any gathering.
One of the primary reasons people buy sparkling champagnes is to create memorable experiences. The sound of the cork popping, the sight of the bubbles rising, and the taste of the champagne all combine to create a sensory experience that is hard to forget. Additionally, champagne is often seen as a symbol of luxury and exclusivity, making it a popular choice for special occasions. Whether it’s a wedding, a birthday, or a graduation, champagne is often the drink of choice to mark important milestones.
For those who appreciate fine wines, buying sparkling champagnes is a way to indulge in the best sparkling champagnes available. Champagne is made from a specific blend of grapes, including Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and Pinot Meunier, which are grown in the Champagne region of France. The unique combination of soil, climate, and winemaking techniques in this region produces a distinct flavor profile that is highly prized by wine connoisseurs. As a result, many people seek out high-quality champagnes to enjoy on their own or to share with friends and family.
In addition to its association with special occasions and its unique flavor profile, champagne is also a popular choice for its versatility. It can be paired with a wide range of foods, from seafood and caviar to chocolate and strawberries. The acidity and effervescence of champagne make it a great pairing for many different types of cuisine, making it a popular choice for dinner parties and other social gatherings. Whether you’re a wine enthusiast or just looking to add some excitement to your next celebration, buying sparkling champagnes is a great way to create lasting memories and enjoy a truly unique beverage experience.
History and Production of Sparkling Champagne
The history of sparkling champagne dates back to the 17th century in France. It is believed that the first sparkling champagne was produced by the Benedictine monk, Dom Pérignon. He discovered that by adding a small amount of sugar and yeast to the wine, it would ferment again and produce the characteristic bubbles. This method, known as the traditional method, is still used today to produce high-quality sparkling champagnes. The production process involves a second fermentation that takes place in the bottle, which gives the champagne its unique flavor and texture.
The traditional method of producing sparkling champagne is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. It requires a great deal of skill and patience, as the wine must be carefully monitored and handled to ensure that it develops the desired characteristics. The grapes used to produce sparkling champagne are typically harvested by hand, and the wine is then fermented in stainless steel tanks or oak barrels. After the initial fermentation, the wine is bottled and a small amount of sugar and yeast is added to induce the second fermentation.
The second fermentation process can take several weeks to several months, depending on the type of champagne being produced. During this time, the bottles are stored in a cool, dark place and are regularly turned and tilted to ensure that the sediment is evenly distributed. This process, known as riddling, helps to clarify the wine and develop its flavor and aroma. Once the second fermentation is complete, the bottles are disgorged, which involves removing the sediment and adding a small amount of sugar and wine to the bottle.
The final step in the production of sparkling champagne is the addition of the cork and wire cage. The cork is carefully inserted into the bottle, and the wire cage is applied to secure it in place. The champagne is then ready to be packaged and shipped to retailers and consumers around the world. With its rich history and labor-intensive production process, it’s no wonder that sparkling champagne is considered one of the most luxurious and sought-after types of wine.
Types of Sparkling Champagne
There are several types of sparkling champagne, each with its own unique characteristics and flavor profile. The most common types of sparkling champagne are non-vintage, vintage, and prestige cuvée. Non-vintage champagne is a blend of wines from different years and is typically less expensive than vintage champagne. Vintage champagne, on the other hand, is made from grapes that were harvested in a single year and is considered to be of higher quality.
Prestige cuvée champagne is a type of vintage champagne that is made from the finest grapes and is considered to be the highest quality. It is typically aged for a longer period of time than non-vintage champagne and has a more complex flavor profile. Other types of sparkling champagne include rosé, which is made from red grapes, and blanc de blancs, which is made from white grapes. Each type of champagne has its own unique characteristics and is suited to different occasions and pairings.
In addition to these main types of sparkling champagne, there are also several sub-types and variations. For example, some champagnes are labeled as “brut” or “extra dry,” which indicates that they have a lower sugar content than other types of champagne. Others may be labeled as “organic” or “biodynamic,” which indicates that they were produced using sustainable and environmentally friendly methods.
When choosing a type of sparkling champagne, it’s a good idea to consider the occasion and the preferences of the people who will be drinking it. For example, non-vintage champagne is a good choice for everyday drinking, while vintage champagne is better suited to special occasions. Prestige cuvée champagne is a good choice for those who want to experience the best that champagne has to offer.
Pairing Sparkling Champagne with Food
Sparkling champagne is a versatile wine that can be paired with a wide range of foods. It is typically served as an apéritif or with dessert, but it can also be paired with savory dishes such as seafood, poultry, and pork. The key to pairing sparkling champagne with food is to consider the flavor profile of the wine and the dish. For example, a brut champagne with a citrus flavor profile pairs well with seafood, while a sweeter champagne pairs better with dessert.
When pairing sparkling champagne with food, it’s also important to consider the texture and weight of the dish. For example, a rich and heavy dish such as foie gras pairs better with a prestige cuvée champagne, while a lighter dish such as salad pairs better with a non-vintage champagne. The occasion and the atmosphere of the meal should also be taken into account when pairing sparkling champagne with food. For example, a romantic dinner for two might call for a prestige cuvée champagne, while a casual dinner with friends might be better suited to a non-vintage champagne.
In addition to pairing sparkling champagne with food, it can also be used as an ingredient in cooking. For example, it can be used to make a sauce or marinade for seafood or poultry. It can also be used to add flavor and moisture to desserts such as cakes and pastries. When using sparkling champagne as an ingredient, it’s a good idea to choose a less expensive type of champagne, as the flavor and aroma will be cooked off during the cooking process.
When serving sparkling champagne, it’s a good idea to use a champagne flute or tulip glass. These types of glasses are designed to preserve the bubbles and aroma of the wine, and they can enhance the overall drinking experience. The temperature of the champagne is also important, as it can affect the flavor and aroma. Sparkling champagne is typically served chilled, but not ice-cold, as this can numb the palate and prevent the full flavor and aroma of the wine from being appreciated.
Storage and Serving of Sparkling Champagne
Sparkling champagne is a delicate wine that requires proper storage and serving to preserve its flavor and aroma. It should be stored in a cool, dark place, such as a cellar or wine fridge, and should be kept away from direct sunlight and heat sources. The ideal storage temperature for sparkling champagne is between 40°F and 50°F, and the humidity level should be around 50-60%.
When serving sparkling champagne, it’s a good idea to chill it in the refrigerator for at least 30 minutes before serving. The champagne should be served chilled, but not ice-cold, as this can numb the palate and prevent the full flavor and aroma of the wine from being appreciated. The champagne should be opened carefully, as the cork can be difficult to remove and the wine can be prone to spills.
The glassware used to serve sparkling champagne is also important. A champagne flute or tulip glass is the best type of glass to use, as it preserves the bubbles and aroma of the wine. The glass should be clean and dry, and it should be filled to the correct level to allow the wine to breathe and develop its flavor and aroma. When pouring sparkling champagne, it’s a good idea to pour it slowly and carefully, as this can help to preserve the bubbles and prevent spills.
In addition to proper storage and serving, sparkling champagne also requires proper handling and care. The bottles should be handled carefully, as they can be heavy and prone to breakage. The corks should be removed carefully, as they can be difficult to remove and the wine can be prone to spills. With proper storage, serving, and handling, sparkling champagne can be enjoyed for years to come, and its flavor and aroma can be preserved for future generations to appreciate.
Ultimate Buying Guide for Sparkling Champagnes
When it comes to celebrating special occasions or simply indulging in a luxurious drink, sparkling champagnes are often the go-to choice. With numerous brands and types available in the market, selecting the perfect one can be overwhelming. In this guide, we will explore the key factors to consider when buying sparkling champagnes, helping you make an informed decision and find the best sparkling champagnes for your needs.
Quality and Origin
The quality and origin of a sparkling champagne are crucial factors to consider. Sparkling champagnes can be produced in various regions, but the most renowned ones come from the Champagne region in France. The Champagne region is known for its unique terroir, which contributes to the distinct flavor and quality of the champagnes produced there. When looking for a high-quality sparkling champagne, it is essential to check the origin and ensure that it is produced in a reputable region.
The quality of a sparkling champagne is also determined by the grape varieties used, the production methods, and the aging process. Reputable producers adhere to strict standards and regulations, ensuring that their champagnes meet the highest quality requirements. Look for champagnes that are made from traditional grape varieties such as Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and Pinot Meunier, and check the label for any certifications or awards that indicate the champagne’s quality.
Price and Value
The price of a sparkling champagne can vary greatly, ranging from affordable to extremely expensive. When considering the price, it is essential to think about the value you are getting for your money. While expensive champagnes are often associated with high quality, there are also many affordable options that offer excellent value. Set a budget and look for champagnes that fall within your price range, but also consider the quality and features you are getting for the price.
When evaluating the price and value of a sparkling champagne, consider the occasion and the number of people you will be serving. If you are hosting a large party, a more affordable option may be the best choice. On the other hand, if you are celebrating a special occasion, you may want to splurge on a more expensive and exclusive champagne. Additionally, consider the packaging and presentation, as some champagnes come in elaborate bottles or gift boxes that can add to the overall value.
Brand and Reputation
The brand and reputation of a sparkling champagne are important factors to consider. Established brands with a long history of producing high-quality champagnes are often a safe choice. Look for brands that have a reputation for consistency and excellence, and check for any awards or certifications they have received. A reputable brand will also provide clear information about the production methods, grape varieties, and aging process, giving you confidence in the quality of the champagne.
Some brands are known for their unique styles or specialties, such as vintage champagnes or rosé champagnes. If you have a specific preference, look for brands that specialize in that area. Additionally, consider the brand’s commitment to sustainability and environmental responsibility, as some producers are now focusing on eco-friendly practices and reducing their carbon footprint. A brand with a strong reputation and commitment to quality will often be reflected in the price, but it can be worth the investment for a special occasion.
Style and Flavor Profile
The style and flavor profile of a sparkling champagne are critical factors to consider. Sparkling champagnes can range from dry and crisp to sweet and fruity, so it is essential to think about your personal preferences. If you prefer a dry and elegant champagne, look for ones with a low dosage and a high percentage of Chardonnay. On the other hand, if you prefer a sweeter and more fruit-forward champagne, look for ones with a higher dosage and a higher percentage of Pinot Noir.
When evaluating the style and flavor profile of a sparkling champagne, consider the occasion and the food you will be serving. If you are hosting a dinner party, a champagne with a rich and complex flavor profile may be the best choice. If you are serving seafood or delicate dishes, a crisp and refreshing champagne may be more suitable. Additionally, consider the aging potential of the champagne, as some can improve with age while others are best consumed young.
Aging and Vintage
The aging and vintage of a sparkling champagne are important factors to consider. Some champagnes are designed to be consumed young and fresh, while others can benefit from aging. If you are looking for a champagne to drink immediately, look for non-vintage or young vintage champagnes. On the other hand, if you are looking for a champagne to cellar and age, look for vintage champagnes with a high percentage of Pinot Noir and a low dosage.
When evaluating the aging and vintage of a sparkling champagne, consider the storage conditions and the potential for improvement with age. Champagnes that are aged for a longer period can develop complex and nuanced flavors, but they require proper storage and handling. If you are not planning to drink the champagne immediately, consider storing it in a cool and dark place, and check the manufacturer’s recommendations for optimal aging.
Certifications and Awards
The certifications and awards a sparkling champagne has received are important factors to consider. Look for champagnes that have been certified by reputable organizations such as the Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée (AOC) or the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV). These certifications ensure that the champagne meets strict standards and regulations, guaranteeing its quality and authenticity.
When evaluating the certifications and awards of a sparkling champagne, consider the prestige and recognition they bring. Champagnes that have received awards or high ratings from reputable critics and organizations are often a safe choice. Additionally, consider the producer’s commitment to sustainability and environmental responsibility, as some certifications such as organic or biodynamic can indicate a higher level of quality and care in the production process. A champagne with numerous certifications and awards can be a testament to its excellence and a guarantee of its quality.
FAQ
What is the difference between Champagne and sparkling wine?
Champagne is a type of sparkling wine that originates from the Champagne region in France. It is made from a combination of grape varieties, including Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and Pinot Meunier. The production process of Champagne involves a second fermentation that takes place in the bottle, which gives it its distinctive bubbles and flavor.
The main difference between Champagne and sparkling wine is the region in which it is produced. While Champagne can only be produced in the Champagne region, sparkling wine can be produced in any region. Additionally, the production process and grape varieties used may differ. Sparkling wine can be made using a variety of methods, including the Charmat method, which involves a second fermentation in a tank rather than in the bottle.
How do I choose the best Champagne for a special occasion?
When choosing a Champagne for a special occasion, there are several factors to consider. The first is the type of occasion and the preferences of the people who will be drinking the Champagne. For example, if it’s a wedding or anniversary, a prestige cuvée or vintage Champagne may be suitable. On the other hand, if it’s a casual gathering or party, a non-vintage Champagne may be more appropriate.
The price and quality of the Champagne are also important factors to consider. A higher-priced Champagne does not always mean it is of higher quality. It’s also important to consider the grape variety and blend, as well as the level of sweetness. Some Champagnes are labeled as Brut, which means they have less than 12 grams of sugar per liter, while others may be labeled as Demi-Sec or Doux, which means they have a higher level of sweetness.
What is the best way to store Champagne?
The best way to store Champagne is in a cool, dark place with a consistent temperature. The ideal temperature for storing Champagne is between 40°F and 50°F. It’s also important to keep the Champagne away from direct sunlight and heat sources, as these can cause the wine to degrade. If you plan to drink the Champagne within a few months, you can store it in the refrigerator to slow down the aging process.
For longer-term storage, it’s best to store the Champagne in a wine cellar or a specialized wine refrigerator. These types of storage units can maintain a consistent temperature and humidity level, which is essential for preserving the quality of the Champagne. It’s also important to store the Champagne bottles on their sides to keep the cork moist and prevent it from drying out.
Can I age Champagne?
Yes, Champagne can be aged, but it’s not always necessary. Non-vintage Champagnes are designed to be consumed within a few years of release, while vintage Champagnes can be aged for 5-10 years or more. The aging process can help to develop the flavors and aromas of the Champagne, but it can also cause the wine to lose its bubbles and freshness.
When aging Champagne, it’s essential to store it properly to preserve its quality. The storage conditions, including temperature, humidity, and light, can all impact the aging process. It’s also important to monitor the Champagne regularly to determine when it has reached its peak drinkability. Some Champagnes may be labeled with an “drink by” date or a recommended aging time, which can help guide your decision.
What is the difference between a prestige cuvée and a non-vintage Champagne?
A prestige cuvée is a high-end Champagne that is made from the best grapes and produced in limited quantities. It is often aged for a longer period than non-vintage Champagnes and is typically made from a blend of the best wines from multiple vintages. Prestige cuvées are often more expensive than non-vintage Champagnes and are designed to be savored and enjoyed on special occasions.
Non-vintage Champagnes, on the other hand, are made from a blend of wines from multiple vintages and are designed to be consumed within a few years of release. They are often less expensive than prestige cuvées and are a good choice for everyday drinking or casual gatherings. While non-vintage Champagnes may not have the same level of complexity and aging potential as prestige cuvées, they can still offer a high level of quality and enjoyment.
How do I serve Champagne?
Champagne is typically served chilled, with a temperature range of 40°F to 45°F. The best way to chill Champagne is to place it in the refrigerator for a few hours before serving. You can also chill it in an ice bucket with ice and water for about 30 minutes. When serving Champagne, it’s essential to handle the bottle carefully to avoid shaking it, which can cause the bubbles to become agitated and the wine to foam excessively.
When pouring Champagne, it’s best to pour it slowly and gently to preserve the bubbles. The traditional way to pour Champagne is to pour it in a gentle stream, holding the bottle at an angle. It’s also important to use the right type of glass, such as a Champagne flute, which is designed to preserve the bubbles and aromas of the wine. The glass should be clean and dry to prevent any residue or odors from affecting the flavor and aroma of the Champagne.
Conclusion
In the world of fine wines, there is no denying the allure and sophistication that comes with a perfectly crafted bottle of champagne. Whether you’re celebrating a special occasion or simply looking to indulge in a luxurious treat, the right champagne can elevate any experience. With so many exceptional options available, it’s essential to do your research and find the one that suits your taste and preferences. By considering factors such as grape variety, production methods, and price point, you can make an informed decision and discover the perfect bottle to suit your needs.
Ultimately, finding the best sparkling champagnes requires a combination of knowledge, experimentation, and personal taste. By exploring the various styles and brands available, you can develop a deeper appreciation for the craftsmanship and tradition that goes into creating these exquisite wines. Whether you’re a seasoned connoisseur or just starting to explore the world of champagne, our guide has provided you with the insights and recommendations necessary to make an informed decision. With this knowledge, you’ll be well on your way to discovering your new favorite bottle of best sparkling champagnes and creating unforgettable memories with every sip.